8. After finishing the previous chapters, wrap up everything you learned about the piano.

• This concluding chapter organizes all the subtopics from the different chapters into groups so that you can review, go back, and even learn more.

8.1. Finding Middle C

• Before playing the piano, locate the middlemost 2 black keys and find Middle C.
• Note C is the white key immediately before the 2 black keys.
• This ensures you play in the correct octaves.

8.1.1. Middle C divides the two clefs:

• Higher notes go to the G-clef.
• Lower notes go to the F-clef.
• Seen in Petzold’s Minuet in G.

8.1.2. Compare Middle C with the note placements in Minuet in G.

• Staves can overlap.
• Ledger lines are used when notes extend beyond a staff.

8.1.3. Review notes by pitch starting from C.

• Octaves higher or lower alternate between lines and spaces.
• The same rule applies to each next letter.
• Works for both clefs. 

8.1.4. On the piano keys, check the patterns of white and black keys starting from Middle C.

• Unlike the sheet, the piano keys shows the same patterns for every octave.  

8.1.5. To know intervals (eg., octave – 8th):

• Count the first note as 1st.
• Next line/space as 2nd, and so on.
• Intervals are measured note to note.

8.1.6. Instead of many ledger lines, use Ottava (8va/8vb) signs:

• 8va, alta, sopra (written above the notes) – play one octave higher.
• 8vb, bassa, sotta – (written below the notes) play one octave lower.

Review and connect key piano topics for easier recall and deeper learning.

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