6. Beethoven once said that: "To play a wrong note is insignificant. To play without passion is inexcusable."

• In this chapter, you will learn to play with dynamics, accompanied by tempo or key changes and the use of ornaments.

6.1. Dynamic markings

• Set the volume in music.
• To play softly, use p or piano.
• To play loudly, use f or forte.
• Observe the changes in volume in Beethoven’s Moonlight Sonata.

6.1.1. Dynamic markings stay the same until a new one is indicated.

• One marking (e.g., p) applies to all following notes.
• Do not repeat the same marking unnecessarily.
• Change only when a new marking appears (e.g., f)

6.1.2. Take note that dynamics apply to both staves unless not placed between the 2 staves.

• Above the upper staff – applies to upper staff.
• Below the lower staff – applies to lower staff.

6.1.2a. Observe that the actual volume can be subjective when playing the piano.

• Bass notes marked f may sound too loud if overplayed.
• Balance the hands so dynamics match the intended character.
• Listen carefully to avoid overpowering softer passages.

6.1.3. To play with more volume contrast, additional p's or f 's are added.

• pp (pianissimo) – very soft
• ppp – very very soft
• ff (fortissimo) – very loud
• fff – very very loud
• Sotto voce – also for quiet playing.

6.1.4. When playing softly, make sure the keys still produce sound.

• Place your fingers on the keys, not just above them.
• The piano’s instrument quality may affect how softly you can play.
• Aim for “softly with sound,” not silence.

6.1.5. When playing louder, use more force.

• Keep your hands higher above the keys for stronger impact.
• Add weight from your arms (or body) to increase volume.
• Use gravity to add weight on the arms while still being relaxed.
• Aim for “loudly with weight,” not just pressing harder.

Explore musical expression through feeling and intention, where passion matters more than perfection.

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